创建自己的简码

Shortcodes are a means to consolidate templating into small, reusable snippets that you can embed directly inside of your content. In this sense, you can think of shortcodes as the intermediary between page and list templates and basic content files.

Create Custom Shortcodes

Hugo’s built-in shortcodes cover many common, but not all, use cases. Luckily, Hugo provides the ability to easily create custom shortcodes to meet your website’s needs.

File Location

To create a shortcode, place an HTML template in the layouts/shortcodes directory of your source organization. Consider the file name carefully since the shortcode name will mirror that of the file but without the .html extension. For example, layouts/shortcodes/myshortcode.html will be called with either {{< myshortcode />}} or {{% myshortcode /%}} depending on the type of parameters you choose.

You can organize your shortcodes in subfolders, e.g. in layouts/shortcodes/boxes. These shortcodes would then be accessible with their relative path, e.g:

{{< boxes/square >}}

Note the forward slash.

Shortcode Template Lookup Order

Shortcode templates have a simple lookup order:

1. /layouts/shortcodes/<SHORTCODE>.html
2. /themes/<THEME>/layouts/shortcodes/<SHORTCODE>.html

Positional vs Named Parameters

You can create shortcodes using the following types of parameters:

• Positional parameters
• Named parameters
• Positional or named parameters (i.e, “flexible”)

In shortcodes with positional parameters, the order of the parameters is important. If a shortcode has a single required value (e.g., the youtube shortcode below), positional parameters work very well and require less typing from content authors.

For more complex layouts with multiple or optional parameters, named parameters work best. While less terse, named parameters require less memorization from a content author and can be added in a shortcode declaration in any order.

Allowing both types of parameters (i.e., a “flexible” shortcode) is useful for complex layouts where you want to set default values that can be easily overridden by users.

Access Parameters

All shortcode parameters can be accessed via the .Get method. Whether you pass a key (i.e., string) or a number to the .Get method depends on whether you are accessing a named or positional parameter, respectively.

To access a parameter by name, use the .Get method followed by the named parameter as a quoted string:

{{ .Get "class" }}

To access a parameter by position, use the .Get followed by a numeric position, keeping in mind that positional parameters are zero-indexed:

{{ .Get 0 }}

For the second position, you would just use:

{{ .Get 1 }}

with is great when the output depends on a parameter being set:

{{ with .Get "class"}} class="{{.}}"{{ end }}

.Get can also be used to check if a parameter has been provided. This is most helpful when the condition depends on either of the values, or both:

{{ or .Get "title" | .Get "alt" | if }} alt="{{ with .Get "alt"}}{{.}}{{else}}{{.Get "title"}}{{end}}"{{ end }}

.Inner

If a closing shortcode is used, the .Inner variable will be populated with all of the content between the opening and closing shortcodes. If a closing shortcode is required, you can check the length of .Inner as an indicator of its existence.

A shortcode with content declared via the .Inner variable can also be declared without the inline content and without the closing shortcode by using the self-closing syntax:

{{< innershortcode />}}

.Params

The .Params variable in shortcodes contains the list parameters passed to shortcode for more complicated use cases. You can also access higher-scoped parameters with the following logic:

$.Params

these are the parameters passed directly into the shortcode declaration (e.g., a YouTube video ID)

$.Page.Params

refers to the page’s params; the “page” in this case refers to the content file in which the shortcode is declared (e.g., a shortcode_color field in a content’s front matter could be accessed via $.Page.Params.shortcode_color).

$.Page.Site.Params

refers to global variables as defined in your site’s configuration file.

.IsNamedParams

The .IsNamedParams variable checks whether the shortcode declaration uses named parameters and returns a boolean value.

For example, you could create an image shortcode that can take either a src named parameter or the first positional parameter, depending on the preference of the content’s author. Let’s assume the image shortcode is called as follows:

{{< image src="images/my-image.jpg">}}

You could then include the following as part of your shortcode templating:

{{ if .IsNamedParams }}
<img src="{{.Get "src" }}" alt="">
{{ else }}
<img src="{{.Get 0}}" alt="">
{{ end }}

See the example Vimeo shortcode below for .IsNamedParams in action.

You can also use the variable .Page to access all the normal page variables.

A shortcodes can also be nested. In a nested shortcode, you can access the parent shortcode context with .Parent variable. This can be very useful for inheritance of common shortcode parameters from the root.

Checking for Existence

You can check if a specific shortcode is used on a page by calling .HasShortcode in that page template, providing the name of the shortcode. This is sometimes useful when you want to include specific scripts or styles in the header that are only used by that shortcode.

Custom Shortcode Examples

The following are examples of the different types of shortcodes you can create via shortcode template files in /layouts/shortcodes.

Single-word Example: year

Let’s assume you would like to keep mentions of your copyright year current in your content files without having to continually review your markdown. Your goal is to be able to call the shortcode as follows:

{{< year >}}

{{ now.Format "2006" }}

Single Positional Example: youtube

Embedded videos are a common addition to markdown content that can quickly become unsightly. The following is the code used by Hugo’s built-in YouTube shortcode:

{{< youtube 09jf3ow9jfw >}}

Would load the template at /layouts/shortcodes/youtube.html:

<div class="embed video-player">
<iframe class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="385" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/{{ index .Params 0 }}" allowfullscreen frameborder="0">
</iframe>
</div>

<div class="embed video-player">
    <iframe class="youtube-player" type="text/html"
        width="640" height="385"
        src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/09jf3ow9jfw"
        allowfullscreen frameborder="0">
    </iframe>
</div>

Single Named Example: image

Let’s say you want to create your own img shortcode rather than use Hugo’s built-in figure shortcode. Your goal is to be able to call the shortcode as follows in your content files:

{{< img src="/media/spf13.jpg" title="Steve Francia" >}}

You have created the shortcode at /layouts/shortcodes/img.html, which loads the following shortcode template:

<!-- image -->
<figure {{ with .Get "class" }}class="{{.}}"{{ end }}>
    {{ with .Get "link"}}<a href="{{.}}">{{ end }}
        <img src="{{ .Get "src" }}" {{ if or (.Get "alt") (.Get "caption") }}alt="{{ with .Get "alt"}}{{.}}{{else}}{{ .Get "caption" }}{{ end }}"{{ end }} />
    {{ if .Get "link"}}</a>{{ end }}
    {{ if or (or (.Get "title") (.Get "caption")) (.Get "attr")}}
    <figcaption>{{ if isset .Params "title" }}
        <h4>{{ .Get "title" }}</h4>{{ end }}
        {{ if or (.Get "caption") (.Get "attr")}}<p>
        {{ .Get "caption" }}
        {{ with .Get "attrlink"}}<a href="{{.}}"> {{ end }}
            {{ .Get "attr" }}
        {{ if .Get "attrlink"}}</a> {{ end }}
        </p> {{ end }}
    </figcaption>
    {{ end }}
</figure>
<!-- image -->

Would be rendered as:

<figure>
    <img src="/media/spf13.jpg"  />
    <figcaption>
        <h4>Steve Francia</h4>
    </figcaption>
</figure>

Single Flexible Example: vimeo

{{< vimeo 49718712 >}}
{{< vimeo id="49718712" class="flex-video" >}}

Would load the template found at /layouts/shortcodes/vimeo.html:

{{ if .IsNamedParams }}
  <div class="{{ if .Get "class" }}{{ .Get "class" }}{{ else }}vimeo-container{{ end }}">
    <iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/{{ .Get "id" }}" allowfullscreen></iframe>
  </div>
{{ else }}
  <div class="{{ if len .Params | eq 2 }}{{ .Get 1 }}{{ else }}vimeo-container{{ end }}">
    <iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/{{ .Get 0 }}" allowfullscreen></iframe>
  </div>
{{ end }}

Would be rendered as:

<div class="vimeo-container">
  <iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/49718712" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div>
<div class="flex-video">
  <iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/49718712" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div>

Paired Example: highlight

The following is taken from highlight, which is a built-in shortcode that ships with Hugo.

{{< highlight html >}}
  <html>
    <body> This HTML </body>
  </html>
{{< /highlight >}}

The template for the highlight shortcode uses the following code, which is already included in Hugo:

{{ .Get 0 | highlight .Inner  }}

The rendered output of the HTML example code block will be as follows:

<div class="highlight" style="background: #272822"><pre style="line-height: 125%"><span style="color: #f92672">&lt;html&gt;</span>
    <span style="color: #f92672">&lt;body&gt;</span> This HTML <span style="color: #f92672">&lt;/body&gt;</span>
<span style="color: #f92672">&lt;/html&gt;</span>
</pre></div>

Nested Shortcode: Image Gallery

Hugo’s .Parent shortcode variable returns a boolean value depending on whether the shortcode in question is called within the context of a parent shortcode. This provides an inheritance model for common shortcode parameters.

The following example is contrived but demonstrates the concept. Assume you have a gallery shortcode that expects one named class parameter:

<div class="{{.Get "class"}}">
  {{.Inner}}
</div>

You also have an img shortcode with a single named src parameter that you want to call inside of gallery and other shortcodes, so that the parent defines the context of each img:

{{- $src := .Get "src" -}}
{{- with .Parent -}}
  <img src="{{$src}}" class="{{.Get "class"}}-image">
{{- else -}}
  <img src="{{$src}}">
{{- end }}

You can then call your shortcode in your content as follows:

{{< gallery class="content-gallery" >}}
  {{< img src="/images/one.jpg" >}}
  {{< img src="/images/two.jpg" >}}
{{< /gallery >}}
{{< img src="/images/three.jpg" >}}

This will output the following HTML. Note how the first two img shortcodes inherit the class value of content-gallery set with the call to the parent gallery, whereas the third img only uses src:

<div class="content-gallery">
    <img src="/images/one.jpg" class="content-gallery-image">
    <img src="/images/two.jpg" class="content-gallery-image">
</div>
<img src="/images/three.jpg">

Error Handling in Shortcodes

Use the errorf template func and .Position variable to get useful error messages in shortcodes:

{{ with .Get "name" }}
{{ else }}
{{ errorf "missing value for param 'name': %s" .Position }}
{{ end }}

When the above fails, you will see an ERROR log similar to the below:

ERROR 2018/11/07 10:05:55 missing value for param name: "/Users/bep/dev/go/gohugoio/hugo/docs/content/en/variables/shortcodes.md:32:1"

More Shortcode Examples

More shortcode examples can be found in the shortcodes directory for spf13.com and the shortcodes directory for the Hugo docs.

Inline Shortcodes

Since Hugo 0.52, you can implement your shortcodes inline – e.g. where you use them in the content file. This can be useful for scripting that you only need in one place.

This feature is disabled by default, but can be enabled in your site config:

enableInlineShortcodes: true

enableInlineShortcodes = true

{
   "enableInlineShortcodes": true
}

It is disabled by default for security reasons. The security model used by Hugo’s template handling assumes that template authors are trusted, but that the content files are not, so the templates are injection-safe from malformed input data. But in most situations you have full control over the content, too, and then enableInlineShortcodes = true would be considered safe. But it’s something to be aware of: It allows ad-hoc Go Text templates to be executed from the content files.

And once enabled, you can do this in your content files:

{{< time.inline >}}{{ now }}{{< /time.inline >}}

The above will print the current date and time.

Note that an inline shortcode’s inner content is parsed and executed as a Go text template with the same context as a regular shortcode template.

This means that the current page can be accessed via .Page.Title etc. This also means that there are no concept of “nested inline shortcodes”.

The same inline shortcode can be reused later in the same content file, with different params if needed, using the self-closing syntax:

{{< time.inline />}}